![]() ![]() ROS (reactive oxygen species) and oxidative stress work as a physiological regulator of vascular gene expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (Kunsch and Medford 1999). Small quantity of free radicals helps in signal transduction process. The obstacle or disturbance that comes in formation of free radicals and antioxidant defenses is called as oxidative stress. The use of GSE decreases the oxidative stress and helps in the reduction of anti-inflammation (Hosseinzadeh 2017). It can then act as an inflammatory reaction regulator (related to the oxidative stress), hence, controlling the oxidative stress (Gargari et al. The antioxidant property of proanthocyanidin is because of the availability of the phenolic-hydrogens as singlet oxygen quenchers and hydrogen donating radical scavengers. Compounds those are having antioxidant properties able to protect the cells against oxidative stress (Matthaus 2008). Presence of antioxidant property in GSE has shown to exert a much stronger oxygen free radical-scavenging effect. It also shows a positive effect on wound healing. GSE shows anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, cardiovascular and anti-carcinogenic activity and have beneficial effects against several diseases including skin aging (Farzaei et al. The seeds and peels of grapes also contains considerable portion of dietary fiber that lowers the risks of colon cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity (Anderson et al. The major fatty acid in GSE is linoleic acid followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. Fatty acid compositions of GSE include linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, and are much important in lipid metabolism. LDL cholesterol is responsible for the formation of arteriosclerosis, therefore the application of grape-seed oil creates positive effect in the reduction of arteriosclerosis (Matthaus 2008). An oil containing high amount of linoleic acid results in the reduction of total blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. These fatty acids are related to a reduction of cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypertension, and autoimmune disorders (Shinagawa et al. Grape seed oil also contains a high amount fatty acids (unsaturated) ranging from 85 to 90% such as α-linolenic acid (ω − 3) and γ-linolenic acid (ω − 6). The amount of oil present in grape seed depends on the variety of the grape (usual range 10–16% of dry weight). Beside their antioxidant activity, it also contains some enzymes that catalyze the release of histamine during inflammation and allergies (Ali et al. ![]() Grape seed polyphenols have a higher antioxidant activity as compared to other well-known antioxidants (such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene). Polyphenols and flavonoids present in the GSE have been shown remarkable interest based on positive reports of their antioxidant properties and ability to serve as free radical scavengers (Georgiev et al. GSE is having abundant source of polyphenols. Dried seeds of grapes contain around 35% fiber along with 29% extractable components including Phenolic compounds, proteins (11%), mineral (3%) and water (7%) (Matthaus 2008). The filtrate was dried at room temperature (about 25 ☌) to evaporate ethanol and powdered GSE was obtained (Badavi et al. The grounded grape seed powder was macerated in 70% ethanol (25% w/v) for 3 days at room temperature and filtered. In order to obtain GSE, Grape seeds were separated from the grapes manually, air-dried (in the shade, 25–30 ☌) for 1 week, and grounded to fine powder. Therefore, beside from using it as a nutraceutical or cosmeceutical, as a result they may have a potential to substitute or complement in currently used drugs in the treatment of diseases by developing it into other successful pharmaceutical formulations for better future prospective. inflammation, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, peptic ulcer, microbial infections, etc. Through different and various studies, it was proved that the proanthocyanidin rich grape seed extract provides benefits against many diseases i.e. The present review article briefly describes the various pharmacological activities of grape seed extract and different experimental studies were done which supports the beneficial health qualities of the extract. Since, grape seeds are by product of wine making companies therefore can be easily procured. Besides being a wellspring for vitamins and fibre, the skin and seeds of grapes are highly rich in Polyphenols specifically proanthocyanidins, which can be used as a functional ingredient to address various health issues by boosting the natural bio-processes of the body. In ancient Europe the leaves and the sap of grape plants has been used in traditional treatment for ages. Grapes are one of the most highly consumed fruits across the world. ![]()
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